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2013年6月11日 星期二

Pediatric Vaccination

Vaccination Fever
(a)   Killed:                      Within 2 days
(b)  Attenuated/ Live:       Day 5~12

Vaccination
Timing
BCG
Day 1 (BW >2.5 kg)
HBV
Day 2~5 (BW > 2.2 kg)
1M
6M

DPT
2M
4M
6M
18M
7Y
OPV
Varicella
1Y (若不和MMR同時注射則需隔1個月)
MMR
1Y
7Y

JE
(DPT間隔1個月)
15M *2(隔兩週)
27M
7Y
(Mar ~ May施打)
HAV
2Y
2Y6M

Influenza
1st dose6M以後 (2歲前每年免費)

(a) 新式31:        DTaP
(b) 41:               DTaP       +      Hib
(c) 51:               DTaP       +      Hib     +        IPV
(d) 61:               DTaP       +      Hib     +        IPV          +     HBV
õ611.5M(6W)開始打(避開HBV的第二劑),第二劑是3M

Attenuated/ Live Vaccine注意事項:
1.     3個月內避免懷孕
2.     有以下處置需延後一段時間:
甲、IVIg (IM)                 : 3M
乙、pRBC                      : 6M
丙、PLT, FFP, IVIg (IV) : 11M

常見自費疫苗:
1.     Rotavirus          : 1.5M(6W) à 3MOPV要間隔2
2.     Pneumococcal  :
甲、13       : > 2Y
乙、7         : < 2Y


2013年6月7日 星期五

[EKG] Atrial Enlargement & Ventricular Hypertrophy

Atrial Enlargement  (看lead V1 & II)
1. Right: P wave 高度 > 2.5 mm in lead II, 高度 > 1.5 mm in lead V1
2. Left: P wave duration > 0.12s, P wave 出現notch in lead II, biphasic P (先正再負, 負的時間 > 0.04sec且深度 > 1 mm) in lead V1

整理:
RAE會造成P的高度改變(II:2.5, V1:1.5);
LAE時間變長(II: notch, V1:biphasic, deep negative terminal)

Ventricular Hypertrophy
1. RVH:
(a) R > S in V1且S > R in V6,
(b) RAD
2. LVH:
(a) (S in V1 + R in V5 or V6) > 35-mm
(b) R in aVL > 11-mm

LVH久了會看到strain pattern / secondary repolarization abnormalities/ secondary ST-T changes
(a) ST-depression 在lateral leads
(b) TWI
(c) ST-elevation 在right-precordial leads

[EKG] 區分pericarditis VS STEMI

看到STE要如何區別AMI及Pericarditis:

1. (有以下5點任1點就rule in AMI)
(a) ST-Depression (不看V1 & aVR)
(b) STE 是convex-upwards or horizontal
(c) STE in lead III > II
(d) R-T sign or "check mark sign" (R之後沒有明顯的ST就接到T-wave)
(e) new Q-waves

2. (有以下2點任1點就rule in pericarditis)
(a) PR-Depression in multiple leads 
(b) T-P segment depression or "Spodick's sign"

[EKG] Sgarbossa Criteria (含modified)

(EKG of normal LBBB)


Sgarbossa Criteria (> 3 points才像STEMI)
[5-points] > 1 mm STE Concordance (any leads除了V1~3)
[3-points] > 1 mm STD Concordance (V1~3) (因為正常的LBBB其V1~3是STE)
[2-points] > 5 mm STE DISCONCORDANCE

Modified Sgarbossa Criteria (Sen. 59 --> 85%, Spec. 99 --> 96%)
把2-point的criteria改成: STE DISCONCORDANCE in lead V1~4且同時符合以下criteria:
(a) ST / S ratio > 0.2
(b) > 2 mm STE

[EKG] Amal Mattu's Weekly 整理

1. 看到 Irregular rhythm (在下A.fib這個診斷之前),一定要先看是否有 "clumps" (Regularly-irregular); D/dx:
(a) Premature beats (通常會在clumps之後造成pauses)
(b) Mobitz (2nd degree AV block)

2. PR-interval是區分AV-block的主角 (看lead V1)
(a) Fixed: 1st degree AV block, 2-2 AV block
(b) Prolonging: 2-1 AV block
(c) Variating: 3 AV block

3. 若對區分2-1及2-2 AV block有疑慮,就看"沒有傳下去的P"的"前一個"及"下一個"PR-interval長度: (相等: 2-2, (b) 下一個比前一個長: 2-1)

4. 生平第一次發生"seizure"要作EKG來rule-out dysrhythmia

5. AV-dissociation (atrial rhythm & ventricular rhythm各跳各的) 不一定是complete heart block;若atrial rhythm傳的下去就是AV-dissociation without complete heart block (會看到QRS的morphology改變)

6. RBBB有看到STEV1~3以外的lead有STD皆異常 (正常在V1~3是會有STD及TWI)

7. 在infero-antero-lateral lead (II,III,aVF,V3~6)有看到isolated TWI表示有pulmonary hypertension; 若看到new TWI則要想到pulmonary embolism

8. 看到 (low voltage + tachycardia) 要先rule-out pericardial effusion


[EKG] Pediatric EKG

1. Large R wave in V1~2, Small S wave in V5~6
2. TWI at V1~3, through age 8
3. 若是在V1有看到upright T, 則是RVH