1. Pacemaker
2. WPW
3. Inferior MI
4. LVH
5. LBBB
6. LAFB
7. Hyperkalemia
8. (Normal variant)
Rightward Axis Deviation
1. Lateral MI
2. WPW
3. RVH
4. LPFB
5. Pulmonary embolism
6. COPD
7. Na-channel blocker
8. Septal defect
9. Hyperkalemia
Wide QRS
1. BBB
2. WPW
3. Pacemaker rhythm
4. Na-channel blocker
5. LVH
6. Ventricular ectopic
7. Hyperkalemia or Acidosis
Short QT
1. Hypercalcemia
2. Digoxin Toxicity
3. (Congenital)
QTc-Prolongation
1. Electrolyte imbalance: HYPO-(K, Ca, Mg)
2. IICP
3. Medication: type Ia (quinidine, procainamide), type III (amiodaraone)
4. Hypothermia
5. (Congenital)
T-wave Inversion
1. WPW
2. Hypokalemia
3. CAD
4. Abnormal repolarization: BBB, pacemaker, ventricular hyperthrophy
5. ICH
6. Pulmonary disease: Pul. HTN, Hyperventilation, Pneumonia, Pul. embolism
ST-Elevation
1. STEMI
2. Peri-/myocarditis
3. LVH
4. LBBB
5. Ventricular aneurysm
6. Brugada
7. Hyperkalemia
8. CNS-effect (SAH)
9. Benign early repolarization
(口訣: LAP BAND)
LVH,LBBB / AMI / Pericarditis / Brugada,BER /Aneurysm(LV) / Neurological (SAH) / Drugs(cocaine)
ST-Depression
1. NSTEMI
2. Strain (due to ventricular hypertrophy)
3. Digitalis effect
4. Ischemia
5. Hypokalemia
Low-voltage
definition:(QRS的amplitude): (a) lead (I + II + III) < 15 mm, or (b) lead (V1 + V2 + V3) < 30 mm
1. "low power"(a) Myxedema
(b) Cardiomyopathy
(c) Infiltrative disease (Sarcoidosis)
2. "blocked conduction"
(a) (air) COPD
(b) (fluid) pericardial/ pleural effusion
(c) (fat) obesity